Extend your automated tests to the Shell
As last year, this is my contribution to the advent calendar we do over at Bekk. Hope you like it!
Testing, testing
"Testing shows the presence, not the absence of bugs." - Edsger W. Dijkstra
As professional software developers, writing automated tests has become second nature to what we do. The exact amount of tests, amount of code-coverage, unit vs. integration vs. integrated test etc. may still be up for debate, but the industry as a whole seems to have settled on the practice of automated tests as a way to ensure the viability of a codebase over time. The Extreme Programming methodology of the late 1990's even went as far as citing "Code without tests may not be released".
Even with the general consensus among developers that automated testing is something we should do, it's still an open choice: one can actively choose to not to write tests as well.
Dave Farley wrote a blog post some years ago about how we should use techniques from classical science and engineering and apply them to software development to make the field "a real engineering field, not just a pretend-to-be", and to archive this, testing is essential. To be frank, in how many other engineering fields is testing of the things created optional?
Used correctly, automated testing is a great way to implement the essence of science, to falsify the hypothesis about the code.
Every programming language or ecosystem that's worth taking seriously has a testing library, or sometimes whole frameworks created for them. For C# and dotnet xunit has become somewhat of a standard, in Java and JVM land JUnit has been around for a long time, and for JavaScript, both frontend and backend, testing with Jest has seen a lot of traction.
Writing our unit, integration or integrated tests in the same language as the production code and keeping the tests close is the de facto standard.
But aren't we forgetting something? Our systems do not stop at the application code level. To be able to build and deploy our code, chances are we have some build scripts and deployment pipelines, or some good old "glue scripts" keeping it all together. To do most of this heavy lifting most of us still depend on the good old shell scripts, most notably written in the old work-horse Bourne Again Shell, or Bash.
If anything, chances are slim that Bash is going away anytime soon, and scripts written for the shell deserves tests of it's own.
The shell is also often forgotten as an environment to test systems from in of itself. There are lots of CLI's that can be used to test different aspect of our systems, and there is no rule proclaiming that integration or load tests need to be written or hosted by the same codebase as our application.
It's time to introduce shell testing with bats.
Introducing shell testing with Bats
bats is a TAP, or "Test Anything Protocol" compliant testing framework for Bash. It provides a simple way to verify that the *NIX programs you write behave as expected.
The initial public release of bats was done back in 2011 by Sam Stephenson, but the project was archived and put in a read-only state in 2016. As of 2017, the current actively maintained fork, know as bats-core has been looked after by the bats-core organization, and the project is still under active development.
To show how writing tests with bats work, let's write some black-box test verifying a REST-API with curl.
Our "system under test", or "SUT", is the The Star Wars API. This will show how bats work, and show one of it's use cases.
We begin with a test to make sure Luke Skywalker is the first entity of the /people endpoint.
As we will see, tests are set up like most other testing frameworks, here following the "arrange act assert" pattern.
#!/usr/bin/env bats
@test "GET: /people first person entity is Luke Skywalker" { # The first line contains the test-annotation and a name / explanation of the function to be tested.
#Arrange
local EXPECTED_PERSON="Luke Skywalker"
local ACTUAL_PERSON
#Act
ACTUAL_PERSON="$(curl -s https://swapi.dev/api/people/1/ |jq '.name' --raw-output)" # Here we do our call to the Star Wars API with curl and parse the JSON with jq
# Assert
[ "${ACTUAL_PERSON}" == "${EXPECTED_PERSON}" ] # The assert is a normal Bash test, where we check the actual person against what we expect.
}
To run the test, use the bats command:
$ bats tests/star-wars-api.bats
star-wars-api.bats
✓ GET: /people first person entity is Luke Skywalker
1 tests, 0 failures
We can expand on this and check if the /planets endpoint contains Naboo:
@test "GET: /planets contains 'Naboo'" {
local EXPECTED_PLANET="Naboo"
local ACTUAL_PLANET
ACTUAL_PLANET="$(curl -s https://swapi.dev/api/planets/ | EXPECTED_PLANET="$EXPECTED_PLANET" jq '.results[] | select(.name == env.EXPECTED_PLANET).name' --raw-output)"
[ "${ACTUAL_PLANET}" == "${EXPECTED_PLANET}" ]
}
The two tests are now run together:
$ bats tests/star-wars-api.bats
star-wars-api.bats
✓ GET: /people first person entity is Luke Skywalker
✓ GET: /planets contains 'Naboo'
2 tests, 0 failures
Great. Those examples show the overview of bats. For more ideas on how to use bats for integration tests, Zach Holman has a great blog post with that topic in mind.
Next, let's spice it up with some Test Driver Development (TDD) on some actual shell scripts.
Using TDD in our shell scripts for fun and profit
Let's begin simple: We want a function to extract the author from a markdown file containing book notes, but want the job to exit if no argument (I.e. a file) is given. This being TDD, we want a failing test explaining the logic we want before we actually write som code.
In this example, we will see the keyword run, which is used to run a function, as well as the $status and $lines variables provided by bats. The overview of bats variables can be found here.
#!/usr/bin/env bats
function setup(){
source ./extract-booknotes.sh # The setup method sources in the script we want to test.
}
function teardown(){
echo $result # The teardown method returns the "$result" variable from bats itself. This helps with debugging failing tests.
}
@test "extract_author no argument" { # The first line contains the test-annotation and a name / explanation of the function to be tested.
run get_author # The `run` keyword comes from bats and is for triggering functions or script.
[ "${status}" -eq 1 ] # The $status variable contains the return code from the functions or scripts being tested,
[ "${lines[0]}" == "Missing argument file" ] # While the $lines variable is an array of strings from the functions or script we want to test.
}
When run against an empty file, this test will (not surprisingly) fail:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
function get_author(){
}
$ bats tests/extract-booknotes.bats
extract-booknotes.bats
✗ extract_author no argument
(from function `setup' in test file tests/extract-booknotes.bats, line 4)
`source ./extract-booknotes.sh ' failed with status 2
./extract-booknotes.sh: line 9: syntax error near unexpected token `}'
1 test, 1 failure
And if we fill in the code:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
function get_author(){
local FILE="$1"
if [[ -z $FILE ]]; then
echo "Missing argument file"
exit 1
fi
}
And run the tests again:
$ bats tests/extract-booknotes.bats
extract-booknotes.bats
✓ extract_author no argument
1 test, 0 failures
We get some green tests.
Cool. Now for the functionality. We want to extract the author from the markdown notes file:
### Metadata
- Author: Kilian Jornet
- Full Title: Above the Clouds: How I Carved My Own Path to the Top of the World
- Category: #books
Again, let's start with the test:
@test "extract_author with 'Above The Clouds' file as argument" {
run get_author BookNotes/Above.The.Clouds.md
[ "${status}" -eq 0 ]
[ "${lines[0]}" == "Kilian Jornet" ]
}
And that test will fail since we don't have updated our code:
$ bats tests/extract-booknotes.bats
extract-booknotes.bats
✓ extract_author no argument
✗ extract_author with 'Above The Clouds' file as argument
(in test file tests/extract-booknotes.bats, line 20)
`[ "${lines[0]}" == "Kilian Jornet" ]' failed
2 tests, 1 failure
Cool. Now let's do some regex-matching, an operation that's good to have tests for:
function get_author(){
local FILE="$1"
if [[ -z $FILE ]]; then
echo "Missing argument file"
exit 1
fi
local AUTHOR
AUTHOR=$(grep -oP '(?<=Author:\s)(\w+).*' "$FILE") # <--- This one right here. I'm not comfortable with regex spread around, so a test for this is quite nice.
echo "$AUTHOR"
}
Note: For this pice of code, the GNU version of
grepis used. It might not work as expected on macOS with BSDgrep.
With this pice of code in place, the test should be green:
$ bats tests/extract-booknotes.bats
extract-booknotes.bats
✓ extract_author no argument
✓ extract_author with 'Above The Clouds' file as argument
2 tests, 0 failures
And indeed it is.
Don't believe the tests? Let' try the method ourself:
$ source extract-booknotes.sh
$ get_author BookNotes/BookNotes/Above.The.Clouds.md
Kilian Jornet
Don't you know it, it works! Tests don't lie.
How about the title? We have the author, but not the title? That's kind of backwards.
Let's begin by specifying how the function should look, again from our tests:
@test "extract_title no argument" {
run get_title
[ "${status}" -eq 1 ]
[ "${lines[0]}" == "Missing argument file" ]
}
Same as before, no file should give output and exit code 1. No code written yet, no green test.
With that in place we can focus on extracting the title from the file. As always, the test first:
@test "extract_title with 'Above The Clouds' file as argument" {
run get_title BookNotes/Above.The.Clouds.md
[ "${status}" -eq 0 ]
[ "${lines[0]}" == "Above the Clouds: How I Carved My Own Path to the Top of the World" ]
}
How do you think running this test will go? That's a no. We don't have any code yet.
Let's break out that regex to match the title from the markdown:
function get_title(){
local FILE="$1"
if [[ -z $FILE ]]; then
echo "Missing argument file"
exit 1
fi
local TITLE
TITLE=$(grep -oP '(?<=Full Title:\s)(\w+).*' "$FILE")
echo "$TITLE"
}
With this line in place, the tests go green:
$ bats tests/extract-booknotes.bats
extract-booknotes.bats
✓ extract_author no argument
✓ extract_author with 'Above The Clouds' file as argument
✓ extract_title no argument
✓ extract_title with 'Above The Clouds' file as argument
4 tests, 0 failures
NICE. But wait. What about refactoring? Isn't that a part of TDD?
Yes indeed. The observant reader may have seen that the two functions have something in common: both take in an argument of a file name for parsing, and both do the parsing based on regex expressions. If no argument is given, return error exit code and a message saying "Missing Argument file".
Let's begin by extracting the input validation from the get_author and get_title functions and call it _file_exists. This function will be more generalized and standalone. As always, the functions behavior is first described with tests, which makes for great documentation of the function.
# The behavior should be the same for no arguments, exitcode 1 and 'Missing Argument file' as output:
@test "_file_exists with no argument" {
run _file_exists
[ "${status}" -eq 1 ]
[ "${lines[0]}" == "Missing argument file" ]
}
# Since the function validating the input file now can be extracted from the book notes parser, it can check the script itself:
@test "_file_exists with 'extract-booknotes.sh' file as argument" {
run _file_exists extract-booknotes.sh
[ "${status}" -eq 0 ]
[ "${lines[0]}" == "extract-booknotes.sh" ]
}
Then we can extract the input check directly from the functions:
function _file_exists(){
local FILE="$1"
if [[ -z $FILE ]]; then
echo "Missing argument file"
return 1
fi
echo "$FILE"
}
Now here we could also extend the _file_exists code with a branch handling an argument of the name of a non-existing file, but to stay strictly in line with TDD we should only add enough production code for the tests to to pass, which we have done with the extracted snippet.
The refactored get_author function now looks like this:
function get_author(){
FILE=$(_file_exists "$1") # <--- Here we run the input through the validation function
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then # <--- And then check the return code from the function
echo "$FILE" # <--- Before we return the output from the validation if it fails
exit 1 # <--- Then, exit.
fi
local AUTHOR
AUTHOR=$(grep -oP '(?<=Author:\s)(\w+).*' "$FILE")
echo "$AUTHOR"
}
How about the tests?
$ bats tests/extract-booknotes.bats
extract-booknotes.bats
✓ extract_author no argument
✓ extract_author with 'Above The Clouds' file as argument
✓ extract_title no argument
✓ extract_title with 'Above The Clouds' file as argument
✓ _file_exists with no argument
✓ _file_exists with 'extract-booknotes.sh' file as argument
6 tests, 0 failures
Did the code get any better or clearer? More dynamic and with a better abstraction. Thanks to the tests the refactoring could be made safer with guardrails.
Conclusion
In this post we have seen how our shell scripts also can have automated tests thanks to bats.
Hopefully this will motivate you to extend your thinking about tests to also include the pieces outside the application code.
As a colleague of mine said: "Every pice of code in the repository that is necessary to bring value to the customer is critical, and should thus also be tested. If we think we have a bug in the deployment pipeline, we don't guess. We test and prove.
All code examples from this post can be found in this Git repository.